Various types of diabetes and outlines
The following article describes various types of diabetes and outlines what the medical professional should know in helping to prevent or manage them effectively.
Type 1
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition usually caused by infection with a foreign protein (e.g., human adeno-Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease), bacteria (Pneumococcal meningitis), or viruses, such as cytomegalopsys. This type occurs when the immune system attacks healthy cells in the body. In fact, it may be fatal if the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, which is produced in response to the threat posed by the foreign entity. Type 2
This is also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes because it does not produce enough insulin, but the immune system attacks healthy cells in the body, causing an overproduction of the hormone. These include fat cells (fatty liver). It also becomes severe when it damages the eyes, kidneys, muscle, or brain.
Type 2
This is an inflammatory condition caused by inflammation of many tissues throughout the body and can lead to other problems, including heart damage. Blood sugar levels are often much higher than those in people with type 1 diabetes but blood glucose levels vary from time to time. If the person has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, they can try to reduce their pressure on blood sugar by eating more fruit and vegetables and replacing products containing high amounts of sugars with fruits, vegetables, and fats. However, some supplements, such as vitamin C, may help control blood sugar levels. People with this type should avoid taking certain medications, as well as alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, and illegal substances because of their tendency to cause hypertension. They should consult doctors or their healthcare provider for further advice regarding how to manage the condition.
Type 3
In which the immune system harms the small intestine and destroys cells that line it. Thus, the name was given to this type of diabetes. When the pancreas does well, this form can make the patient better without treatment. This is why this form is difficult to treat. There is still no cure for it, however, and there are only a few medicines designed specifically for people with this form. A diet low in calories should be followed, and a little exercise is recommended every day.
If you are at risk of developing type 1 diabetes and want help identifying and managing your risk factors, you should see your doctor for a regular checkup. Also, you should see one for a referral to a specialised centre that offers specialist care for children and young people with serious diabetes (Munroe’s paediatric clinic) in the UK. You should visit regularly to make sure your health is being monitored and that any complications are being identified. You can refer yourself to Meditrans HealthCare, which offers a customised programme of care, on an individual basis, to help you manage your symptoms. Alternatively, you have access to additional support services provided by Patient First Medical Advice Services, who act as your personal GP but provide referrals to NHS treatment centres, so that you know you’re making good progress at overcoming your illness.
Managing Your Risk Factors
The primary way to help identify your risk factors is through the use of lifestyle self-assessment and feedback tools. For example, if you have poor glycemic control, you might be advised to find a diet low in carbs and, instead, eat healthier fats, such as oily fish, egg, turkey, poultry, cheese, and olive oil. Changes to your routine, such as starting a regular exercise regime, will help to improve your overall metabolic health and thereby reduce the risk of diabetes. Other risk factors include overweight and obesity (BMI>30kg/m2); having a family history of diabetes (i.e., having a parent or sibling with diabetes); smoking; drinking too much alcohol; taking certain medication, such as anti-diabetic drugs; and living a sedentary lifestyle. To identify these, it is important to collect information about your health, both physical and mental, and about lifestyle practices. Some of our most trusted data is provided by MyHealth, our free app where users find useful information that can aid in managing their risk factors. MyHealth is available on Android and Apple devices.
The following list of risk factors
may be particularly concerning to someone with diabetes:
Smoking
Drinking excessively much alcohol
Having a family history of diabetes (i.e., parent or sibling with diabetes)
Having a recent stressful event, such as a bereavement or divorce
Hormonal changes associated with age (menopausal and postmenopausal women).
Having a strong family history of diabetes (i.e., a grandmother with diabetes)
Being obese, i.e., BMI 30-39kg/m2 and BMI 40-59kg/m2 (or greater).
Having a poor relationship with food
Going into retirement early (men) for younger people (men) with diabetes.
Having a weak sense of humour
Having a very unhealthy diet (excessive consumption of processed foods, which has negative effects on weight loss and dietary fibre).
Having a family history of diabetes (i.e., mother or sister with diabetes).
Being physically active
Having a weak social life
Having a weak faith in God
Having kidney failure
Having a family member diagnosed with diabetes.
Being an ex-felon
Having had a past accident
Having a previous miscarriage
Other diseases, such as cancer or HIV.
Having diabetes at any age, but especially in older people.
Precautions and Contraindications of diabetes
There are four types of medications used for people with diabetes, all of which are considered to be safe to use for people with diabetes. Each of these provides different benefits depending on the type of diabetes you have. Below is a list of these drugs that are most commonly prescribed for people with diabetes, in order of preference.
Medication
The main medication is insulin, along with additional treatments such as “toned insulin” or oral insulin injections, although they can be adapted for adults. Insulins are made by converting sugars and starches from foods into molecules called insulin. Because humans are able to manufacture them, they are called insulins. Two types of insulins exist – short-acting insulins (e.g., insulin pellets) and long-acting insulins (e.g., insulin lispro). Both insulins are injected once a minute, once they pass through the body and are absorbed by the cells that make up the pancreas, but they work differently. Short-acting insulins have an immediate effect, whereas long-acting insulins need multiple daily injections. Insulins are most commonly used by diabetics in people with type 2 diabetes.
Medication for Diabetic ketoacidosis
Another medication used in patients with diabetes with ketoacidosis is dl-carnitine. Dl-carnitine works by reducing the amount of fat that accumulates around the pancreas after a meal. So long as the fat is removed, the body won’t use or release insulin or other molecules. With diabetic ketoacidosis, the concentration of dl-carnitine steadily increases to dangerous levels. The drug is given by mouth to maintain normal levels and help the body burn any excess fat.
Medication for Hypoglycaemia (blood sugar levels)
A large number of people with diabetes have high blood sugar levels (glucose intolerance) that cannot be controlled until they are diagnosed. Lifestyle measures can help to control blood sugar levels – such as changing how much water they drink, avoiding sweetened juices, choosing natural alternatives and being mindful of the portion size. However, this level of blood sugar should never be exceeded. High blood sugar levels also mean that insulin injections must be lowered.
Medication for Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy is a pain in the hands and feet or, more simply, a tingling sensation that radiates down your nerves. People with type 2 diabetes with nerve and nerve-related pain should consult a neurologist or physio-psychologist. The nerve pain usually appears as a result of injury to nerves or swelling of the joints, as a result of a stroke or falling over. Pain in the limbs is another possible cause. Neuropathy may become permanent as a result of prolonged and severe diabetes. Medication can help the nerves recover more quickly.
Medication for Renal Failure
Renal failure is a common consequence of diabetes. Sometimes the damage from diabetes comes back to haunt the kidneys and damage may spread to them. Renal failure occurs when kidneys no longer function properly due to excessive volume overload, damage to glomerular filtration and loss of nephrons. As a result, urine production decreases and the serum albumin level rises. Renal failure needs extensive monitoring and treatment. Medications can help the kidneys recover their function.
Medication for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease or IBD is a debilitating disorder where the lining of the gastrointestinal tract suddenly becomes inflamed. Most patients are irritable, have abdominal pain, diarrhoea and abdominal bloating. Treatment usually involves drugs, surgery and even psychological therapy. Many people with IBD have ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, reflux esophagocytoma and other intestinal malformations.
Medication for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome is a debilitating disease that needs to be treated immediately to prevent future bowel complaints. The cause is unknown, but a chemical called 5HTP is believed to be involved. Low doses of 5HTP can trigger mucosal changes and ulceration of the GI tract, leading to inflammatory bowels.
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